واکاوی و تحلیل مفهوم تربیت غیررسمی: چیستی و ویژگی¬ها
محورهای موضوعی : تاریخ و ماهیت رشته فلسفهٔ تعلیم‌وتربیت، مکاتب و رویکردهای فلسفهٔ تعلیم‌وتربیت قدیم و جدید ،تاریخ اندیشه و عمل تربیتی (سیاست‌ها، برنامه‌ها، اقدامات و...) مفاهیم، گزاره‌ها و نظریه‌های تربیتی آراء مربیان و فیلسوفان تربیتی روش‌شناسی پژوهش‌های تربیتی انواع تربیت مسائل تعلیم‌وتربیت ایران و جهان برنامه درسی و آموزش در رشته‌های گوناگون
مینا فیاضی
1
*
,
علیرضا صادق زاده
2
,
دكتر سيد مهدي سجادي
3
,
میثم صداقت‌زاده
4
1 - دانشجوی دکتری، گروه تعلیم و تربیت، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران
2 - تربیت مدرس
3 - استاد دانشگاه تربيت مدرس تهران
4 - دانشگاه امام صادق
کلید واژه: چیستی تربیت غیررسمی, ویژگی¬های تربیت غیررسمی, تحلیل مضمون, پژوهش کیفی.,
چکیده مقاله :
فهم چیستی و ماهیت تربیت غیررسمی، مقدمه¬ای ضروری و انکارناپذیر برای مداخله در تربیت غیررسمی، برنامه¬¬ریزی، مشارکت، سیاست¬گذاری و همچنین تبیین نسبت این نوع تربیت با تربیت رسمی است. لذا با توجه به اهمیت این موضوع، هدف از پژوهش حاضر آن است که ضمن گردآوری مهم¬ترین تعریف¬های ارائه شده برای مفهوم تربیت غیررسمی و ویژگی¬های آن، با رویکرد حداکثری و تجزیه و تحلیل آن¬ها، راه را برای ارائه تعریفی جامع از تربیت غیررسمی و تبیین ویژگی¬های اصلی آن هموار کنیم. برای دست¬¬یابی به این هدف، مهم¬ترین تعریف¬های ارائه شده برای اصطلاح «تربیت غیررسمی» در ابیات را گردآوری کرده و با روش «تحلیل مضمون» به تجزیه و تحلیل و واکاوی آن¬ها پرداخته شده است. حاصل این کار، سامان¬دهی به مفاهیم مطرح شده در تعریف¬های گوناگون تربیت غیررسمی، در دو شاخه چستی و ویژگی¬ها بود و بر اساس این طبقه¬بندی دو شاخه¬ای، یک تعریف از تربیت غیررسمی که شامل مجموع اشتراک تعاریف و متمایزکننده تفاوت¬های اساسی است به¬این شرح ارائه گردید: تربیت غیررسمی
Understanding the nature and essence of informal education is a necessary and undeniable introduction to intervention in informal education, planning, participation, policy-making, and also explaining the relationship between this type of education and formal education. Therefore, given the importance of this issue, the aim of the present study is to gather the most important definitions provided for the concept of informal education and its characteristics, with a maximal approach and their analysis, and to pave the way for providing a comprehensive definition of informal education and explaining its main characteristics. To achieve this goal, the most important definitions provided for the term "informal education" in verses have been collected and analyzed and analyzed using the "content analysis" method. The result of this work was the organization of the concepts raised in the various definitions of informal education, into two branches: essence and characteristics. Based on this two-branch classification, a definition of informal education, which includes the sum of the common definitions and distinguishes the basic differences, was presented as follows: "Informal education is part of the education process that is realized in a lifelong, intentional and systematic way, in various fields outside the formal education system. This type of education is carried out with the focus of responding to various individual, local and community needs, and with the active participation of guardians and learners in planning, decision-making and implementation.
بخشی خیلگاوانی، ویسعلی (1397). تعریف، ماهیت، اشکال و انواع تعلیم و تربیت غیررسمی. همایش استانی نقش تربیت غیررسمی در تعلیم و تربیت برنامه درسی پژوهش مبنا(از ضرورت تا التزام)،رشت.
بنیادی سنگده، امین (1397). چیستی، انواع، ویژگی‌ها و اصول تعلیم وتربیت غیررسمی. همایش استانی نقش تربیت غیررسمی در تعلیم و تربیت برنامه درسی پژوهش مبنا(از ضرورت تا التزام)،رشت.
حسنی، محمد؛ صادقزاده، علیرضا(1400). تبیین فلسفه تربیت رسمی و عمومی (تربیت مدرسه‌ای). تهران: پژوهشگاه حوزه و دانشگاه.
مرزوقی، رحمت‌اله. حیدری، الهام و کشاورز، معصومه(1394). نگاهی به تعلیم و تریت غیرریمی درایران و جهان: مفاهیم، ویژگی‌ها و دستاوردها. تهران: آوای نور.
Patil, S. D., & Powar, K. P. (2022). Adoption of experiential learning approach for validation of perpetual motion machine of first kind concept in engineering thermodynamics. Journal of Engineering Education Transformations.
Slovenko, K., & Thompson, N. (2016). Social pedagogy, informal education and ethical youth work practice. Ethics and Social Welfare.
Gendjova, A. (2010). Non-formal and informal education/learning: Development in a historical perspective. Chemistry.
Tudor, S. L. (2018). The valorification of students’ competences learned in nonformal and informal environment. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Electronics, Computers and Artificial Intelligence, ECAI 2018.
Maruyama, H. (2019). Boundaries and dimensions of NFE with strong formal school system in Japan. In Cross-Bordering Dynamics in Education and Lifelong Learning: A Perspective from Non-Formal Education.
Gazizova, A. I., Siraeva, M. N., & Trofimova, G. S. (2015). Formal and non-formal education means of mastering foreign language skills. *Social Sciences (Pakistan), 10(4), 120–128.
Hendrawijaya, A. T. (2020). The effect of non-formal education mediation on human resources development. Academy of Strategic Management Journal.
Kicherova, M. N., & Trifonova, I. S. (2023). Non-formal education: The review of current studies. Obrazovanie i Nauka.
Butviliene, J. (2011). Social context of adult non-formal education. Filosofija, Sociologija.
Tabor, J. (2014). Place of non-formal education in the career building process. Polish Journal of Management Studies
Roman, A. F., Balas, C. E., & Cosarbă, E. M. (2023). The influence of student participation on nonformal activities at school performance. In Students' Well-Being and Teaching-Learning Efficiency During and Post-Pandemic Period (pp. 159–174).
Mamaqi, X., Miguel, J., & Olave, P. (2011). Evaluation of the importance of professional competences: The case of Spanish trainers. On the Horizon, 19(2), 87–103.
Knipprath, H., & De Rick, K. (2014). The economic benefits of adult learning to low-qualified young adults: Do participation and qualification decrease the risk of unemployment? Vocations and Learning, 7(2), 229–245.
Smith, M. K. (2001). Informal education. In Encyclopedia of Informal Education.
Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and education. New York: Macmillan.
Rogers, A. (2004). Non-formal education: Flexible schools for a flexible people. Hamburg: UNESCO Institute for Education.
Wiggins, G., & McTighe, J. (2005). Understanding by design. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD).
Lindgren, U. (2005). Informal learning in Europe*. Gothenburg: European Association for Education.
Schugurensky, D. (2000). The forms of informal learning: A typology of learning situations. In New Approaches to Lifelong Learning (pp. 1–17). Toronto: OISE/University of Toronto.
Cunningham, P. (2006). Informal learning in the workplace: A study of the characteristics and techniques. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Holt, J. (1982). How children fail. New York: Perseus Books.
Benson, L. (1994). Building learning communities: A guide for educators. Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree Press.
Harris, J. (2007). Informal learning: A key to understanding community development. Community Development Journal, 42(3), 235–249.
Feldman, D. H. (1988). Nature's way: A guide to life in the wild. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Beckett, D., & Hager, P. (2002). Life, work and learning: Practice in postmodernity. London: Routledge.
Illeris, K. (2004). The three dimensions of learning: Contemporary learner theory in the tension field between the cognitive, the emotional and the social. Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing.
Belete, S., Duke, C., Hinzen, H., & Khau, H. P. (2022). Community Learning Centres (CLCs) for Adult Learning and Education (ALE): Development in and by communities. International Review of Education.
Bratuškins, U., Treija, S., & Babris, M (2018). Non-formal education in architecture: Latvian experience. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism.
Ngaka, W., Openjuru, G., & Mazur, R. E. (2012). Exploring formal and non-formal education practices for integrated and diverse learning environments in Uganda. International Journal of Diversity in Organisations, Communities and Nations.
Rodríguez Illera, J. L. (2018). Informal education, everyday life, and tacit learning. Teoria de la Educacion.
Wéyér, F. (2009). Non-formal education, out-of-school learning needs, and employment opportunities: Evidence from Mali. Compare.
Yero, J. L. (2019). Exploring the foundations of informal learning. Schools and Informal Learning in a Knowledge-Based World.
Boas, G (2009). The value of discovery. Photonics Spectra.
Gilchrist, A (2004). Working with networks and organisations in the community. In Principles and Practice of Informal Education: Learning Through Life.
Nicolas, G. (2015). Overview of historical and political factors affecting parenting practices. In *Contemporary Parenting: A Global Perspective.
Turner, C. (2006). Informal learning and its relevance to the early professional development of teachers in secondary schools in England and Wales. *Journal of In-Service Education.
Antić, S., & Filipović, M. (2018). Informal learning from university students' perspective. Specijalna Edukacija i Rehabilitacija.
Beard, A. E., Kim, Y. S., & Gunderman, R. B. (2024). Synergy between formal and informal education. Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology.
Beddie, F., & Halliday-Wynes, S. (2010). Informal and non-formal learning in vocational education and training. International Encyclopedia of Education.
Corrales-Herrero, H., & Rodríguez-Prado, B. (2016). La incidencia de la formación en la edad adulta en la empleabilidad de los individuos. Trimestre Economico.
Falk, J. H., & Dierking, L. D. (2000). Learning from Museums: Visitor Experiences and the Making of Meaning.
Guzel, Z. T. (2024). An evaluation of personalized online informal education in case of design education. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education.
Marques, J. B. V., & de Freitas, D. (2017). Characterization f-formal education: A literature review. Educacao e Pesquisa.
Pek, L. S., Khusni, H. K., & Yob, F. S. C. (2024). Children’s literacy skent through non-formal education: A scoping review. Journal of Education and Learning.
Ratana-Ubol, A., & Soopunyo, W. (2021). Community network development for integratingducation and informal education in schools. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences.
Rutherford, S. (2017). Informal learning: Perspectives, challenges, and opportunities. Informal spectives, Challenges and Opportunities.
Savenye, W. C. (2014). Perspectives on the assessment of educational technologies for informal learning. In esearch on Educational Communications and Technology: Fourth Edition.
Votava, P. (2018). The development and understanding of the concept of 'experience' in John Dewey's theory of experientiaCaritas et Veritas.
Blaak. M, Openjuru. G. L, Zeelen. J. (2013). Nonformal vocational education in Uganda: Practical empowerment through a workable alternative. International Journal of Education Development, 33: 88-97.
Cameron. R., Harrison. J. (2014). The interrelatedness of formal, non-formal and informal learning: Evidence from labor market program participants. Australian Journal of Adult Learning. 25 (2): 277- 309.
Coombs, P. H. & Ahmad, M., Atacking Rural Poverty: How Non- Formal Education Can Help, Baltimor, John Hopkins University, 1974.
Dictionary of Education, New Dehli: Kull Bhushan APH 2005.
Evans, D. (1983). Participation in Non-Formal Education at the Local Level: Ghana and Indonesia. “In Non-Formal Education and Development”, J.C & Papagiannis (eds.), New York, Praeger Publishes.
Fordham, P.E)1993(. Informl, Non-Formal and Formal Education Programs, YMCA George Williams College.- Gomberg, Paul (2007), How to Make Opportunity Equal.
Handa. S, Pineda. H, Esquivel. Y, Lopez. B, Gurdian. N. V, Regalia. F. (2009). Non formal basic education as a development priority: Evidence from Nicaragua. Economics of Education Review, 28: 512-522.
Kedrayate, A. (1996). Non-Formal Education Fiji: The Potential for Primary School Based Programmes. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. Armidale, University of New England.
Kedrayate, A. (2012). Non-Formal t: Is It Relevant or Opsolete? International Journal of Business, Humanities and Technology, Vol. 2, No. 4.
Madjar. N, Cohen-Malayev. M. (2013). Youth movements as educational setting promoting personal development: Comparing motivation and identity formation in formal and non formal education contexts: International Journal of Education Reaearch, 62, 162-174.
Morton, M. H., Montgomery, P. (2012). Empowerment-based non-formal education for Arab youth: A pilot randomized trial. Children and Youth Services Review, 34 :417–425.
Paulsen. T. H. (2011). Supervisory practices in non-formal educational settings as perceived by agricultural education teachers: A national study. Iowa State University.
Radcliffe, D. J., & Colletta, N. J. (1989). Nonformal education. In Lifelong Education for Adults (pp. 60-64). Pergamon.
Rose. P. (2007). NGO Provision of Basic Education: Alternative or Complementary Service Delivery to Support Access to the Excluded? Create, Sussex.
Schwier. R. A, Seaton. J. X. (2013). A comparison of participation patterns in selected formal, non formal, informal, online learning environments. Canadian journal of learning and technology, 39 (1): 1-15.
Shapiro, J. (2011). Environmental Qualityand No formal Education in Peru. American University School of International Service Global Environmental Policy.
Smith. P. (1965) Philosophy of Education. U.S.A : Harper and row.