A Comparative Study on the Concept of Other’s Subjectivity from the Perspective of Lacan and Levinas Focusing on the Educational Implications
Subject Areas :
Ali sattri
1
(Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Administration and Planning)
Batoul Shahi
2
(Alzahra university)
Maryam Esfahani
3
(Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch of Tehran)
Keywords: Subjectivity, Other, Lacan, Levinas, Education,
Abstract :
The present study aims to investigate the concept of the other’s subjectivity from the perspective of Lacan and Levinas with emphasis on the moral subject and their educational implications. In order to achieve this goal, the analytical-comparative method has been used and the results of the research indicate that in Lacan's belief, the innate human tendency to dialogue and recreation of discourse forms in linguistic structures, paves the ground for the acceptance of the other. Criticizing the sameness view in the traditional ethics that emphasizes absolute good and the great other, he points out the symptom of reduced others in the moral system and mentions the superiority of other-oriented ethics. Levinas also condemns the reduction of otherness to the "same" matter and in the priority of ethics over philosophy, he talks of an other-oriented and responsible ethics. Some implications can be obtained from the other’s subjectivity for the educational system, in the realms of curriculum, teaching method, and teacher-student relationship. The ideal educational system from Lacan's point of view, based on the two concepts of the Ego-ideal and the Super- ego, arises from a social and moral subject according to which moral subjectivity requires interaction and social action between teachers and students particularly in the realm of curriculum. According to Levinas, the ideal educational system is achieved in the face-to-face relationship between the student and the teacher, and having the focus on the otherness of the student, it requires a curriculum focusing on the marginalized persons. A combination of Lacan's and Levinas's approach in highlighting the relationship between "I" and "the other" leads to the notion of "moral subjectivity".
اشپیلبرگ،هربرت (1391). جنبش پدیدارشناسی: درآمدی تاریخی (ترجمه: مسعود علیا؛ جلد دوم). تهران: انتشارات مینوی‌خرد
احمدزاده، شیده (1385). تئوری دیگری در نقد روان‌کاوی لاکان، همايش ادبيات‌تطبيقی خودی از نگاه ديگری
بختیار، علی (1395). آیا با لاکان می‌توان انقلابی بود؟ (ترجمه: سردار محمدی). تهران: انتشارت افراز
خبازی، مهدی؛ سبطی، صفا (1395). مسئولیت در برابر دیگری: بنیاد سوژه در فلسفه لویناس، غرب‌شناسی بنیادی، پژوهشگاه علوم‌انسانی و مطالعات‌فرهنگی، سال 7، شماره 2، پاییز و زمستان، صص 1-22
دکارت، رنه (1384). تأملات در فلسـفه اولـی (ترجمه: احمد احمدی). تهران: انتشارات سمت
فروید، زیگموند (1383). بنیانگذار روان‌کاوی (ترجمه: علیرضا جزایری؛ چاپ اول). تهران: نشر دانژه.
فینگ، بروس (1397). سوژه لاکانی بین زبان و ژوئیسانس (ترجمه: محمدعلی جعفری). تهران: انتشارات ققنوس.
صافیانی، محمدجواد، کاویانی‌تبریز، سعیده (1393). لویناس، فیلسوف دیگری، نشریه پژوهش‌های علوم‌انسانی نقش‌جهان، شماره 1، بهار، صص 17-27.
صیادمنصور، علیرضا؛ طالب‌زاده، سیدحمید (1393). مسئولیت‌اخلاقی در اندیشه امانوئل لویناس: انفعال من در برابر دیگری، نشریه پژوهش‌های فلسفی دانشگاه تبریز، سال 8، بهار و تابستان، شماره مسلسل 14، صص 165-182.
لویناس، امانوئل (1387). اخلاق و نامتناهی: گفتگوهای امانوئل لویناس و فیلیپ نمو (ترجمه مراد فرهادپور و صالح نجفی). تهران: انتشارات رخداد نو.
لچت، جان (1378). پنجاه متفکر بزرگ معاصر: از سـاختارگرایی تـا پسـامدرنیته (ترجمـه: محسـن حکیمی). تهران: انتشارات چشمه.
Alford, C. Fred (2003). Levinas, the Frankfurt School and Psychoanalysis, Middletown: Wesleyan University Press.
Bergo Bettina (2003). Levinas between Ethics and Politics Pittsburgh, Desquesne University Press.
Bernasconi, Robert; Critchley, Simon (1991(. Re-reading Levinas Bloomington and Indianapolis, Indiana University Press.
Burggraeve, Roger(1999). Violence and the Vulnerable Face of the Other: the Vision of Emmanuel Levinas on Moral Evil and Our Responsibility, Journal of Social philosophy, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp 29-45.
Critchley, Simon and Bernasconi, Robert (eds.) (2002). The Cambridge Companion to Levinas, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lacan, Jacques(1979). Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis (ed: Jacques-Allen
Miller; trans: Alan Sheridan, trans). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd.
Levinas, Emmanuel (1969). Totality and Infinity (Translated by AlphonosLingis). Duquesne
University Press.
Lemaire, Anika (1977). Jacques Lacan (trans: David Macey). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Levinas, Emmanuel (1987). Time and The Other (trans: Richard a Cohen). Duquesne
University Press.
Levinas, Emmanuel (1990). Difficult Freedom: Essays on Judaism (trans: Sean Hand). London: the Athlone Press.
Levinas Emmanuel (1991). Otherwise than Being or Beyond Essence (trans: Alphonso Lingis Dordrecht), Kluwer Academic Publisher.
Levinas Emmanuel (1996). Basic Philosophical Writings (ed: Adriaan, T. Peperzak et al). Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
Levinas, Emmanuel (1996a). Proper Names (trans: Michael B. Smith). London: the Athlone Press.
Levinas, Emmanuel (1996b). Basic Philosophical Writings (ed: Adriaan T. Peperzak, Simon Critchley). Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
Levinas Emmanuel (1998). Entre Nous :On Thinking – of- the-other (trans: Michael, B. Smith and Barbara Harshava). London: The Athlone Press.
Levinas, Emmanuel (1998). Otherwise Than Being or Beyond Essence (trans: Alphonso Lingis). Pennsylvania: Duquesne University Press.
Levinas, Emmanuel (2011). Totality and Infinity (trans: Alphonso Lingis). Pennsylvania: Duquesne University Press.
Morgan, L. Michael (2007). Discovering Levinas, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.